The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis

The Yellow Wallpaper Analysis As I began perusing this short story, it obviously presented who the characters are and where it occurred. The storyteller is a lady; she has no name, stays mysterious all through the story. She lives with her significant other John in a house. This house is confined from society, since the short story demonstrates that it is a long way from town, streets or any methods for correspondence. It additionally contains bolts and doors all through. The lady is sick and this disease has set her in a powerless situation with her better half and everything around her.We realize that she gets a kick out of the chance to compose, however her significant other doesn’t let her, so she does it stealthily. Despite the fact that this kind of composing is for the most part to show mellow character issue in managing life, simultaneously I trust it shows how every individual communicates their disease and how it develops with certain result. Here the creator shows h ow the lady communicates her sickness through the conditions of the yellow backdrop, for example, dreaming and fantasying through the paper, which prompted her breakdown. From the start, the storyteller depicts the yellow backdrop as ?It is sufficiently dull to confound the eye in following, sufficiently articulated to continually bother and incite study, and when you follow the weak unsure bends for a little separation they out of nowhere submit suicideâ€plunge off at preposterous edges, crush themselves in unbelievable contradictionsâ .? It shows how the storyteller loathes the yellow backdrop and she expounds her emotions towards it. This statement clarifies a great deal about how she feels, and furthermore calls attention to how stifled and frail she is. At the point when it said ? follow the faltering dubious bends? t alludes to the spouse that may lead the storyteller to end it all as a result of the manner in which she tunes in and obeys him. In spite of the fact that he appears to express the things that would improve her and guarantee her that she is showing signs of improvement, he isn't generally letting her do what might improve her, which is the thing that she needs. As a doctor who perceives and treats his wife’s condition, it would seem, by all accounts, to be that he comprehends her best, however he doesn't appear to acknowledge how extreme her state is. Neither does he have a satisfactory method of rewarding it, as not letting her do what she needs like for example writing.I accept he thinks little of the condition of her psyche, and he has a great deal to do with the result of her condition. This prompts her fixation on the backdrop. From the outset the storyteller despised it, and afterward she became accustomed to it. She began letting her creative mind meander about this backdrop, she found in her inner being individuals, scenes: ? there is a lovely concealed path that runs down there from the house. I generally extravagant I se e individuals strolling in these various ways and arbors, yet John has forewarned me not to offer approach to extravagant at least.?By concentrating on these dreams or dreams, I trust it communicates her sentiments and makes her progressively certain. In spite of John's opinion of her dreams, she keeps on envisioning things. He thinks she is improving disregarding her theories, she realizes she is showing signs of improvement due to these hypotheses, her disease has its own specific impact and it even creates. John cautions her multiple times that she should utilize her poise to get control over her creative mind, which he fears will flee with her. Obviously, the narrator’s inevitable madness is a result of theâ repressionâ of her creative force, not the declaration of it.She is continually yearning for a passionate methods, in any event, venturing to such an extreme as to leave well enough alone diary, which she depicts more than once as a â€Å"relief† to her brain . This sickness advances such that lets her see a lady in the backdrop. She sees a similar lady in better places and she believes that the lady just gets out in daytime. She says, ? It is a similar lady, I know, for she is continually crawling along, and most ladies don't crawl by light.? Lori Voth clarifies this part such that I thoroughly concur with.She says that the lady who for quite a while is covered up out of sight of the paper represents the primary character’s dread of introducing herself and her assessment. I concur that it is an image of dread on the grounds that the storyteller is an impression of the shrouded lady behind the backdrop, which relates a lot to her. She is concealing in this house away from society, terrified to state what she feels or what she needs. As I would like to think, I imagine this is something that prompted her downturn, if the storyteller had the option to communicate from the earliest starting point and not let her significant other or anybody control her, thus she might be in a superior condition.Reaching the end, she doesn’t truly care much about what anybody thinks. She begins indicating certain activities that may affirm that she going crazy, such as stripping off all the paper, bolting the entryway and tossing the key in the front way. On one hand it appears that she is gone crazy, then again, I think she is escaping her enclosure, communicating what has been there from the beginning might be with a specific goal in mind that just fulfills her.In my own view as I talked about it previously, every individual has a specific method of communicating their disease or almost certain their sentiments, and it accompanies various methods of conduct (result) contingent upon the individual. This story takes the reader’s psyche to various perspective on ladies. Ladies are generally known for being the calm, complex, and sensible characters in the public arena. This time the peruser might be taken into the i nternal most domains of women’s psyche and encounters. The experience of the storyteller in the ? The Yellow Wallpaper? hows that she is gone frantic in light of the fact that her job in the public eye is restricted and her capacity to communicate imaginatively is choked. This powerlessness for her to communicate in a significant manner in the end drives her to connect herself with the lady in the backdrop who seems to be, similar to the storyteller, in jail or in an enclosure. Some significant ladylike pundits have seen the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† not just a precise portrayal of a circumstance of lady in a brutal culture yet in addition a model for their own perusing and composing rehearses (Davison 120).The yellow backdrop speaks to a few thoughts and conditions and each time I read it another view catches my eyes. Work refered to * Voth, Lori. Article about ? The Yellow Wallpaper.? http://voices. hurray. com/abstract examination yellow-backdrop charlotte-11251. html? cat=38.? Lori Voth, November 21, 2005. Web. October 29, 2012. * Davison, Carol Margaret.? Frequented House/Haunted Heroine: Female Gothic Closets in ? The Yellow Wallpaper.? Women’s considers 33. 1(2004):47-75. Scholastic hunt total. Web. 6 November, 2012.

The Self-Regulating Market and the Fictitious Commodities free essay sample

Generally speaking, the financial framework was invested in the social framework, and whatever standard of conduct prevailed in the economy, the nearness of the market design was seen as good with it. The rule of deal or trade, which underlies this example, uncovered no propensity to grow to the detriment of the rest. Where markets were most exceptionally evolved, as under the trade framework, they throve heavily influenced by a unified organization which encouraged autarchy both in the family units of the proletariat and in regard to national life. Guideline and markets, basically, grew up together, The automatic market was obscure ; to be sure the rise of the possibility of self-guideline was a finished inversion of the pattern of advancement. It is in the light of these realities that the uncommon suppositions basic a market economy can alone be completely appreciated. A market economy is a monetary framework controlled, managed, and coordinated by business sectors alone; request in the creation and dispersion of products is depended to this automatic instrument. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Self-Regulating Market and the Fictitious Commodities or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page An economy of this sort gets from the desire that people carry on so as to accomplish greatest cash gains. It accept advertises in which the flexibly of merchandise (counting administrations) accessible at a clear cost will rise to the interest at that cost. It accept the nearness of cash, which works as buying power in the hands of its proprietors. Creation will at that point be constrained by costs, for the benefits of the individuals who direct creation will rely on them; the circulation of the products likewise will rely on costs, at costs structure earnings, and it is with the assistance of these wages that the merchandise delivered are appropriated among the citizenry. Under these suspicions request in the creation and circulation of products is guaranteed by costs alone. Self-guideline infers that all creation is available to be purchased available and that all wages get from such deals. In like manner, there are markets for all components of industry, for products (continually including administrations) yet in addition for work, land, and cash, their costs being called separately item costs, wages, lease, and premium. The very terms show that costs structure wages: premium is the cost for the utilization of cash and structures he salary of the individuals who are in the situation to give it; lease is the cost for the utilization of land and structures the pay of the individuals who gracefully it; compensation are the cost for the utilization of work force, and structure the pay of the individuals who sell it; ware costs, at last, add to the earnings of the individuals who sell their innovative administrations, the pay called benefit being really the contrast between two arrangements of costs, the cost of the products created and their costs, I. e. , the cost of the merchandise important to deliver them. On the off chance that these conditions are satisfied, all wages will get from deals available, and livelihoods will be only adequate to purchase all the products created. A further gathering of suspicions follows in regard to the state and Its arrangement. Nothing must be permitted to restrain the development of business sectors, nor must salaries be allowed to be framed in any case than through deals. Neither must there be any impedance with the alteration of costs to changed market conditionsâ€whether the costs are those of products, work, land, or cash. Thus there must not exclusively be markets for all components of industry,1 however no measure or arrangement must be countenanced that would impact the activity of these business sectors. Neither cost, nor flexibly, nor request must be fixed or managed; just such strategies and measures are all together which help to guarantee the self-guideline of the market by making conditions which make the market the main sorting out force in the monetary circle. To acknowledge completely what this implies, let us return for a second to the trade framework and the national markets which it accomplished such a great deal to create. Under feudalism and the group framework land and work shaped piece of the social association itself (cash had at this point scarcely formed into a significant component of industry). Land, the crucial component in the medieval request, was the premise of the military, legal, regulatory, and political framework; its status and capacity were controlled by legitimate and standard principles. Regardless of whether its ownership was transferable or not, and assuming this is the case, to whom and under what limitations; what the privileges of property 1 Henderson, H. D. , Supply and Demand, 1922. The act of the market is twofold: the division of variables between various utilizations, and the arranging of the powers affecting total supplies of elements. involved; to what utilizes a few sorts of land may be putâ€all these inquiries were expelled from the association of purchasing and selling, and exposed to a totally unique arrangement of institutional guidelines. The equivalent was valid for the association of work. Under the group framework, as under each other monetary framework in past history, the thought processes and conditions of profitable exercises were inserted in the general association of society. The relations of ace, understudy, and student; the particulars of the art; the quantity of disciples; the wages of the laborers were totally directed by the custom and rule of the group and the town. What the commercial framework did was only to bring together these conditions either through rule as in England, or through the nationalization of the groups as in France. As to land, its medieval status was annulled uniquely to the extent that it was connected with commonplace benefits; for the rest, land stayed extra commercium, in England as in France. Up to the hour of the Great Revolution of 1789, landed domain remained the wellspring of social benefit in France, and significantly after that time in England Common Law ashore was basically medieval. Mercantilism, with all its inclination towards commercialization, never assaulted the shields which ensured these two fundamental components of productionâ€labor and landâ€from turning into the objects of trade. In England the nationalization of work enactment through the Statute of Artificers (1563) and the Poor Law (1601), expelled work from the threat zone, and the counter nook arrangement of the Tudors and early Stuarts was one steady dissent contrary to the guideline of the profitable utilization of landed property. That mercantilism, anyway decidedly it demanded commercialization as a national approach, suspected of business sectors in a way precisely in spite of market economy, is best appeared by its huge expansion of state intercession in industry. On this point there was no contrast among mercantilists and feudalists, between delegated organizers and personal stakes, between bringing together administrators and moderate particu-larists. They differ just on the strategies for guideline: groups, towns, and areas spoke to the power of custom and convention, while the new state authority supported rule and statute. However, they were all similarly opposed to commercializing work and landâ€the precondition of market economy. Specialty gilds and medieval benefits were annulled in France just in 1790; in England the Statute of Artificers was canceled uniquely in 1813-14, the Elizabethan Poor Law in 1834. Not before the most recent decade of the eighteenth century was, in either nation, the foundation of a free work advertise even examined; and the possibility of the self-guideline of monetary life was completely into the great beyond of the age. The mercantilist was worried about the advancement of the assets of the nation, including full work, through exchange and business; the customary association of land and work he underestimated. He was in this regard as far expelled from present day ideas as he was in the domain of legislative issues, where his confidence in the supreme forces of an edified autocrat was tempered by no suggestions of vote based system. What's more, similarly as the progress to a vote based framework and delegate legislative issues included a total inversion of the pattern of the age, the change from directed to automatic markets toward the finish of the eighteenth century spoke to a total change in the structure of society. An automatic market requests nothing not exactly the institutional partition of society into a monetary and political circle. Such a polarity is, in actuality, simply the repetition, from the perspective of society overall, of the presence of an automatic market. It may be contended that the separateness of the two circles gets in each kind of society consistently. Such a surmising, notwithstanding, would be founded on a misrepresentation. Valid, no general public can exist without an arrangement or something to that affect which guarantees request in the creation and dissemination of merchandise. In any case, that doesn't suggest the presence of isolated monetary establishments; typically, the financial request is just an element of the social, in which it is contained. Neither under inborn, nor primitive, nor trade conditions was there, as we have appeared, a different financial framework in the public eye. Nineteenth century society, in which financial movement was disengaged and attributed to a particular monetary thought process, was, in fact, a solitary takeoff. Such an institutional example couldn't work except if society was some way or another subjected to its prerequisites. A market economy can exist just in a market society. We arrived at this resolution on general grounds in our investigation of the market design. We would now be able to indicate the explanations behind this affirmation. A market economy must contain all components of industry, including work, land, and cash. (In a market economy the last additionally is a basic component of mechanical life and its consideration in the market instrument has, as we will see, expansive institutional outcomes. ) But work and lapd are n

An Open Letter to First Year Students

An Open Letter to First Year Students Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Dear First Year Student, Congratulations! If you’re reading this, it means you’re about to take your first steps into the world of post-secondary education. Whether you’ve been dreaming of college or university since before you can remember, or you just chose a school and program on a whim, this is an exciting time that will be filled with many firsts. With new experiences comes new anxieties; unfamiliar settings can bring along many uncertainties which may leave you with feelings of doubt. Although this may be overwhelming, please do not fret â€" this is completely normal! Like you, other first-year students have the same questions: Where is my next class? Who will I connect with if I need help? Will anyone want to be friends with me? While we cannot offer a one-size-fits-all answer, we can say this: everything will work out the way it’s supposed to. We’ve all been there, and this transition that you are about to experience will be life-changing. University and college is a stepping stone into adulthood. While this may seem scary, it is actually very freeing. You are finally responsible and accountable for your own decisions that you get to make without needing to ask for permission. No curfew, no constant nagging, and no one to answer to. At the same time, this means you need to consider all consequences for your actions which should come naturally once you’ve gotten into the swing of things. Finally, you get to live life the way you choose to. This means your attitude goes a long way as well. While there are thousands of students on campus, you tend to see the same faces on a regular basis â€" after all, you’re going to the same classes at the same time every single week. With this in mind, it is crucial to treat every interaction in a kind and considerate way. This will help you form connections and friendships with classmates. Whether you need a favour one day such as someone sending you their class notes, or if you have an actual emergency you need help with, these interactions will determine who has your back. First and foremost, you’re beginning your post-secondary education in the hopes of just that â€" getting educated! Classes will be thought-provoking, deadlines will be firm, and projects will be intense. At times, you will likely be overwhelmed but don’t worry â€" with the guidance you can receive from your academic advisor, the feedback you will gain from your teaching assistants, and any assignment help you may need from us, you will be well on your way to earning your degree or diploma, just like you intend to! After all, we’ve been there before, and now it is your turn. Yours Truly, The Homework Help Global Team References: Biali, S. (2012, January 17). How to Manage the Anxiety That Comes With Change. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from how-manage-the-anxiety-comes-change An Open Letter to First Year Students Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Dear First Year Student, Congratulations! If you’re reading this, it means you’re about to take your first steps into the world of post-secondary education. Whether you’ve been dreaming of college or university since before you can remember, or you just chose a school and program on a whim, this is an exciting time that will be filled with many firsts. With new experiences comes new anxieties; unfamiliar settings can bring along many uncertainties which may leave you with feelings of doubt. Although this may be overwhelming, please do not fret â€" this is completely normal! Like you, other first-year students have the same questions: Where is my next class? Who will I connect with if I need help? Will anyone want to be friends with me? While we cannot offer a one-size-fits-all answer, we can say this: everything will work out the way it’s supposed to. We’ve all been there, and this transition that you are about to experience will be life-changing. University and college is a stepping stone into adulthood. While this may seem scary, it is actually very freeing. You are finally responsible and accountable for your own decisions that you get to make without needing to ask for permission. No curfew, no constant nagging, and no one to answer to. At the same time, this means you need to consider all consequences for your actions which should come naturally once you’ve gotten into the swing of things. Finally, you get to live life the way you choose to. This means your attitude goes a long way as well. While there are thousands of students on campus, you tend to see the same faces on a regular basis â€" after all, you’re going to the same classes at the same time every single week. With this in mind, it is crucial to treat every interaction in a kind and considerate way. This will help you form connections and friendships with classmates. Whether you need a favour one day such as someone sending you their class notes, or if you have an actual emergency you need help with, these interactions will determine who has your back. First and foremost, you’re beginning your post-secondary education in the hopes of just that â€" getting educated! Classes will be thought-provoking, deadlines will be firm, and projects will be intense. At times, you will likely be overwhelmed but don’t worry â€" with the guidance you can receive from your academic advisor, the feedback you will gain from your teaching assistants, and any assignment help you may need from us, you will be well on your way to earning your degree or diploma, just like you intend to! After all, we’ve been there before, and now it is your turn. Yours Truly, The Homework Help Global Team References: Biali, S. (2012, January 17). How to Manage the Anxiety That Comes With Change. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from how-manage-the-anxiety-comes-change

Hccw Management - 1222 Words

HCC Management Team Bargaining Information Your team represents HCC management in bargaining sessions with the UCPW Local 14. The team is expected to negotiate an agreement that will allow the company to achieve its strategic goals over the next three years. Your team will use the following items to formulate its initial demands and for negotiating a new collective bargaining agreement: Item 1. Strategic Goals and Forecast of Factors Affecting the Firm’s Competitive Position Strategic Goals Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Incentive Materials cost reduction 2% 3% 4% 4% Labor cost reduction 4% 4% 5% 5% Current Ratio 2.25 2.5 2.75 2% Quick Ratio 1.0 1.2 1.5 3% Inventory turnover 5.0 5.5 5.75 3% Collection period 40 35 30 3% Forecast†¦show more content†¦Item 3. Strikes, Lockouts, Unfair Labor Practices Management may elect to lockout labor at any time if it believes that no reasonable progress has been made in negotiations. Work stoppages will severely damage HCC customer relationships and its valued reputation as a firm dedicated to the prompt delivery of quality products. For each strike, lock-out, or sustained unfair labor practice charge related to management bargaining practices, the gross sales percentage change for all future years will be reduced by 1% and material costs will rise by an additional 1% per year. Item 4. Facilities Upgrade and Production Manning In order to meet customer demands for higher product quality, to comply with federally-mandated environmental regulations, and to reduce production costs, HCC must spend $2,000,000 within the next three years to upgrade equipment. The upgrade is expected to result in production efficiencies that will lower material and labor costs by reducing defective products, process waste, in-process inventory, and production man-hours through simplified work processes. It has been over a decade since significant modifications were made to the production facilities. Those changes were mostly technical in nature and did not substantially alter work processes or reduce overall employment. The average productivity gain in the industry for the past five years has been 3% per year. Financing for the loan to purchase the equipmentShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Report On Hennepin County Community Works1357 Words   |  6 PagesCommunities, residents, public in Hennepin County expect to be served by their county and the Hennepin County Community Works (HCCW) in terms of public work such as having a reliable and safe transportation system, good public works infrastructures, housing, green spaces, and natural environment, etc. This evaluation report gives the reflection of the Hennepin County Community Works (HCCW) performance’s for the last 20 years and lessons learned from applying a range of strategies in diverse geographies. This

The Leading Cause For Dementia, Alzheimers Disease

As the leading cause for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease –AD-, effects more than 25 million people in the world (Perrone Grant, 2015, p. 1).The neurodegenerative disorder, results in behavioral changes, as well as cognitive including, loss of memory and language skills ( Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Researchers have tracked two leading abnormalities resulting in Alzheimer’s. These two are, amyloid plaques-clumps of protein which form in and around the neurons- and neurofibrillary tangles- insoluble fibers made up mostly of tau protein- (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Although both are a prevalent indication of AD, scientist have not been able to indicate whether these are merely a byproduct or a cause. Hence, call for epidemiological research is ongoing. Earlier studies have suggested a link between diabetes- specifically, Type 2 diabetes mellitus- and AD (Paddock, 2015). 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Assesing the Goal of Sports Products, Inc Free Essays

Q d. Does the firm appear to have an effective corporate governance structure? Explain any shortcomings. Ans: They do not have an effective corporate governance structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Assesing the Goal of Sports Products, Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most important shortcoming is the management team who don’t make good decisions for maximizing shareholders’ wealth. They only care for the profit and their bonus related with that. They don’t take any steps to maximize stakeholder’s equity. If this information gets public they might got fired from their job for violating the main goal of a public company â€Å"maximize shareholders wealth† Q e. On the basis of the information provided, what specific recommendations would you offer the firm? Ans: From the information available in the case study, we get a picture that this company has some major problem regarding their top management. We are giving these recommendations to address those issues. 1. Comply with all laws as well as accepted standards of conduct or moral judgment. This will prevent any more environmental hazard caused by dumping waste and its legal and environmental consequence. 2. Establish a corporate ethics policy, to be read and signed by all employees. This will make everyone aware about their specific duties and this will prevent further delinquency by the management. 3. Designing a payment system that ties management team and employees’ salary to share price or a performance based scale. And top management must have a stock based compensation plan which will get rid of the agency problem existing in the company. And buying stocks from the market will create demand for shares thus the stock price may go up for a short session. How to cite Assesing the Goal of Sports Products, Inc, Papers

The Magus Review Essay Example

The Magus Review Paper Essay on The Magus The concept in the ancient Greek aesthetic that characterizes the art of aesthetic effect on the person. The term catharsis was used meanings; in a religious sense (the purification of the spirit through spiritual experiences), ethical (the elevation of the human mind, ennobling his feelings), saline (a relief after a strong sensual voltage), Medical. Having read this book three in the morning, I went out on the balcony to smoke. Everything did not seem so right and natural, all around looked at me indulgently, I no longer understand anything in this life, as if from under the feet dislodged support and I balance on the edge of a precipice. In me raging squall, hurricane of emotions, and the most terrible, wonderful and pleasant in this hurricane was that it had not been experienced before me emotions I name not know and will never know, because they lay down and go back if they had anything else I I do not know, because I do not know if there is still the world things that awaken into a person instant bleaching. Someday youll understand and laugh, but not at me, but with me, says a character Fowles and I understand, but to laugh did not want. We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I was immensely outraged by the book, I cried and struggled in hysterics, did not agree with the author and the final book is universal injustice so treat your reader. I could not get the book out of my head for a week and gradually I began to realize, not thought, but senses that another final the book could not have been that everything is logical that all are located on those places where it should be, what has changed least of Fowles the bottom line of the book, this would not be the wrong book, which aroused in me the catharsis Thanks to the immense John Fowles, because at that time of life when there is no teacher in humans, but not yet students it opens new heights apprenticeship, he teaches and the students are immensely grateful to his teacher for the opportunity to conceive and realize something new on an emotional level. Thanks to the author for having given the knowledge that I have nothing else I do not know what lies ahead and limitless horizons of knowledge in the first place on an emotional level! The Magus Review Essay Example The Magus Review Paper Essay on The Magus The outrage and anger I put negative reviews. First, it means What are all the same is narrated in the seven hundred pages of this book? Yes, anything, with the same success it is possible to read Harry Potter or Golding.? ! Spit on Potter, but Golding, then why dragged ?! Of course, its personal, but for me Golding = shrine. And what is the end The Magus won the first place in my personal hit parade of the worst books that fall into my hands Overtaking a wide margin, Doctor Zhivago Pasternak and Spire Golding.. whats this?! Im shocked! The fact that there is something you do not understand, it does not mean that it is bad it means that you still read and read to understand! ]: ( We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly, Im not too lazy to view your Library Of course, most likely, there is not all you read books, but they are sufficient to evaluate your interests is a pity, that.. estimates do not put down it would help to better understand your claims and scale of values ​​classics there, god forbid, a third a to grow to postmodernism and begin to understand Fowles -..! we must first overcome the entire history of literature to jump from the top of the summit could only Zarathustra Nietzsche! And we must be able to climb them! Borges you have in a .? Squeaking read about it, What is your opinion of all understand and appreciate the depth of thought and intellectual author of Say now -? Of course Borges Intellectual yes with a capital I understood and admired!!! I do not believe, if you say ! But you say! Because it does not read a single book. Sorry, Sergey The Magus Review Essay Example The Magus Review Paper Essay on The Magus The book which was bought by me by chance, otherwise I would not when would not read it. I wandered along the bookshop until he stumbled on a rather thick book with Magus inscription. On the reverse side to it it was written that this philosophical and mystical work, is the best example of the great John Fowles. Of course I bought it. What then I regretted and continue to regret until now. I believe that not every unsuccessful writings can be called a literary work. What are all the same is narrated in the seven hundred pages of this book. Yes, anything, with the same success it is possible to read Harry Potter or Golding. When you open a book you want to see something beautiful or syllable, or a beautiful story, or interesting thoughts. Feature of Magus is that there is not what this is not. Naturally there is neither appeared and promised mysticism and philosophy. That is, there was something vaguely reminiscent of the philosophy. I was reminded of the fashion in recent years, when the girls reading Cuello just beginning to talk (to show off) that they are addicted to philosophy. This book is designed for people does not understand either in literature or philosophy or psychology. Through the entire novel pseudo pass Freudian ideas, so that by four pages start to really think about, not whether there will be something real are mixed among all this senseless delirium. But at this moment of my insecurity, I did the only correct way out, and too k down Freyda and then flipped through a couple of books Young. Yes, everything was exactly as I expected. In the novel of John Fowles The Magus, it turned out to be no more psychology than in the books of Natalia Pravdinoy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And finally, you can ask a question for which I nachel this review. Why write a book in which that is not present, and even to give it for intellectual literature? And how is it that Fowles became one of the most popular women writers (almost pereplyunuv great Jane Austen!)? The problem of people who read it that they do not need a real literature, they have enough semi-finished, made-up, where a man give a meaningless phrase, and then writing that this phrase was some smart idea. Why not. After all, not everyone will pass away in the head to get to his bookshelf and open a book which speaks the phrases really have a deep meaning.  «Magus » won the first place in my personal hit parade of the worst books that fall into my hands . Ahead by a wide margin, Doctor Zhivago Pasternak and Spire Golding. He became the worst at least for the fact that the author tried to make me believe in the intelligence of this pointless and unsuccessful books. The Magus Review Essay Example The Magus Review Paper Essay on The Magus The book which was bought by me by chance, otherwise I would not when would not read it. I wandered along the bookshop until he stumbled on a rather thick book with Magus inscription. On the reverse side to it it was written that this philosophical and mystical work, is the best example of the great John Fowles. Of course I bought it. What then I regretted and continue to regret until now. I believe that not every unsuccessful writings can be called a literary work. What are all the same is narrated in the seven hundred pages of this book. Yes, anything, with the same success it is possible to read Harry Potter or Golding. When you open a book you want to see something beautiful or syllable, or a beautiful story, or interesting thoughts. Feature of Magus is that there is not what this is not. Naturally there is neither appeared and promised mysticism and philosophy. That is, there was something vaguely reminiscent of the philosophy. I was reminded of the fashion in recent years, when the girls reading Cuello just beginning to talk (to show off) that they are addicted to philosophy. This book is designed for people does not understand either in literature or philosophy or psychology. Through the entire novel pseudo pass Freudian ideas, so that by four pages start to really think about, not whether there will be something real are mixed among all this senseless delirium. But at this moment of my insecurity, I did the only correct way out, and too k down Freyda and then flipped through a couple of books Young. Yes, everything was exactly as I expected. In the novel of John Fowles The Magus, it turned out to be no more psychology than in the books of Natalia Pravdinoy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Magus Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And finally, you can ask a question for which I nachel this review. Why write a book in which that is not present, and even to give it for intellectual literature? And how is it that Fowles became one of the most popular women writers (almost pereplyunuv great Jane Austen!)? The problem of people who read it that they do not need a real literature, they have enough semi-finished, made-up, where a man give a meaningless phrase, and then writing that this phrase was some smart idea. Why not. After all, not everyone will pass away in the head to get to his bookshelf and open a book which speaks the phrases really have a deep meaning.  «Magus » won the first place in my personal hit parade of the worst books that fall into my hands . Ahead by a wide margin, Doctor Zhivago Pasternak and Spire Golding. He became the worst at least for the fact that the author tried to make me believe in the intelligence of this pointless and unsuccessful books.

How the Government Can Help Smokers

How the Government Can Help Smokers Free Online Research Papers Smoking has been a major problem in the United States for decades, by contributing to major health problems that are costly to treat and mostly end in death. For this reason, the government has passed legislation regarding smoking in the form of restrictions, education, and taxation. While this is an acceptable plan of attack in the road to smoking cessation, I believe that more can be done. If the government focused more on prevention, taxpayers’ dollars would be better utilized. In 1996, nearly two million people began smoking on a daily basis and a vast majority of them were under the age of eighteen. In the past, programs such as the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program have been the sole preventative agent in schools nationwide. The focus of D.A.R.E. however was not specific to just smoking and incorporated other drugs like alcohol and marijuana. Also, as D.A.R.E. grew in popularity, it became gimmicky and watered down. States have seen this inefficiency of the D.A.R.E. program and have begun implementing smoking specific prevention programs. In California, a counteradvertising program showed marked success. It focused on the misleading claims and â€Å"deceptive practices undertaken by tobacco firms† (Government Programs, 2004). The government intervened though, and the program became less effective when the state legislature slashed its advertising budget from sixteen million dollars in 1991 to just over six-and-a-half millio n dollars in 1995. In-school programs have shown much success through repetition and when administered in a serious environment. Again however, budgets and standardized test mandates have taken precedence over programs geared toward social and personal responsibilities. Funding is always the major argument against the implementation of programs regardless of the evidence that supports them. Consider this though, tobacco use has been identified as â€Å"the foremost cause of cancer deaths† (Government Programs, 2004). That too costs money. It is expensive for those who have to pay higher insurance premiums because high incidence tobacco related cancers. Money is also wasted in subsidies made to hospitals that treat patients for tobacco related illnesses that do not have health coverage. If the government would reallocate these funds to schools and other preventative programs, the taxpayers’ dollars would be more responsibly spent. There are ways to fund these programs that will not only continue in the prevention of new smokers, but will also reduce the number of current smokers reluctant to give up the habit. That solution is to raise the price of cigarettes by raising the excise taxes currently charged to the sale of tobacco products. This increase in taxes would result in an increase in revenue for states. The increased revenue could then be used to fund the programs that were previously mentioned. In addition, according to most economists, the increase in an excise tax would reduce the number of current smokers by four percent for every ten percent increase in cigarette prices. Taxation policies therefore could have dual benefits. While the government has taken some measures to curb tobacco use, there is more that can be done. There are programs that aide in the prevention of smoking. They can be costly, but not as costly as the treatment of those who fall ill as a result of their cigarette use. Furthermore, through taxation, the government could adequately fund these programs and reduce the number of current smokers. It is time that our leaders see this issue for what it is and act accordingly in its eradication. References Government programs can reduce smoking. (2004). Retrieved 28 Apr. 2008http//find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do?contentSet=GSRC type=retrievetablD=T010prodld=OVRCcocld+EJ3011270260souce=galesrcprod=OVRCuserGroupName=waynesburgversion=1.0 Research Papers on How the Government Can Help SmokersThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

8 Reasons No One Will Hire You

8 Reasons No One Will Hire You You’re still searching, still unemployed, and getting more and more frustrated by the day. Everybody tells you it’s a numbers game, a waiting game, and that as long as you are doing all the things you know you’re meant to be doing to get a job, that you’ll eventually get hired. There are, however, a few sneaky reasons why you just aren’t hirable. Perhaps there are a few things you are doing, unwittingly, that are compromising your prospects and sabotaging your search.Take a look at the following what-not-to-dos and make sure you aren’t guilty of any of them before you start blaming fate or the bad economy for your continued joblessness.1. You’re a little messy.It sounds sort of silly and, I don’t know, last century, but personal presentation actually can have a huge amount to do with the impression you make and your hirability. Are you clean? Smell nice? Wearing clean, pressed, well-fitting clothes? Great. Are you pierced or spo rting lots of visible tattoos? This, unfortunately (and yes, somewhat unfairly), can impact your chances- same with showing up unshaved.2.  You don’t prep well.If you’re not walking into every interview having done your homework- reading up on the company, your interviewer, and your industry- then you should be ashamed of yourself. Highly prepared candidates are going to be mopping the floor with you at every turn. If you find the whole process a little daunting, hire a career coach!3. You bombed the interview.Giving a good interview means showing up presentable, prepared, and having something to say. If you’re apathetic, unresponsive, monosyllabic, depressed, aggressive, apathetic, or show a bad attitude of any kind, you just will not get hired.Make sure your interviewer doesn’t have to pry answers out of you. Be prepared to answer truthfully and candidly- and without having to be coaxed. But also make sure not to talk too much, as that can swing you i n the opposite direction of bad interviewees. Remember, you’re being graded here on your communication skills- which are crucial! Prove that you have some. Ask a friend to mock interview you and diagnose your situation.5. You didn’t follow directions.Job postings are often very specific. If yours asks for a very specific task, say a one-page statement about something specific, or a particular piece of the application, don’t think you can disregard this and see what happens if and when you move forward. Failing to follow your first basic direction doesn’t bode well for a candidate and you likely will not make the first cut.6. You’re using an archaic job title.Your job title has been rendered obsolete- or is on the off in your industry. Whether your job is being phased out, or replaced by robots, or your industry is simply stagnating, you might want to consider switching tacks- or switching fields.7. You’re over- or under-qualified.You either applied as a shot in the dark or even you know that you’re hideously overqualified. Even if you’re desperate for a job, hiring managers are going to see your impressive resume and assume you’ll leave them for a better job at the earliest opportunity. Consult or lash out on your own- or wait for a job opening that more matches your skills. On the other hand, if you don’t meet at least 60% of the qualifications listed in a posting: don’t bother applying. You’re just wasting everybody’s time (including your own).8. You’re asking for too much money.Everyone is tightening their belts. Salaries are taking a bit of a dip across the board. So if you’re asking anything in the tens of thousands above the stated salary range, you might as well be shouting at the hiring manager not to take you seriously.10. You’re making it all about you.A little secret: the hiring process isn’t about you and your perfect elevator pitc h and your list of skills and experience. It’s about the company: a gap they need to fill, a problem they need to solve. Start thinking how you might help them rather than how they might help you by hiring you. And if you aren’t tailoring your materials for each individual job, then you’re never going to get anywhere- promise.

The Tesco Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Tesco Management - Essay Example â€Å"Tesco started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. Mr. Cohen recorded a profit of  £1 from total sales of  £4 on his first day.† The brand Tesco first appeared in the year 1924 when Jack Cohen supposedly bought a tea shipment from Mr. T. E Stockwell. The year 1929 marked the opening of a store in North London and the company rapidly developed from there on. The head quarters of the company was first established in North London in the 1930s. In the year 1932 the company became a private limited company, another feather in the cap of Tesco.Expansion of the CompanyThe expansion of the company traces back to the year 1950 when the company quickly bought rival shops so as to expand and compete with other Giants. In another endeavor to do so, the company bought as many as 70 William stores and an unprecedented 200 Harrow stores. 1960s saw a revolution in the supermarket trend, the stores started selling more products in larger shops and Tesco was quick to capitalize on the very same opportunity. In the year 1961, the Guinness book of records acknowledged that Tesco was the largest store in the whole of Europe and more growth followed as the company opened another Superstore in Sussex. â€Å"Supermarkets once and for all changed the way people shopped and by the 1970s Tesco was building a national store network to cover the whole of the UK, which it continues to expand to this day, while also making other products available to its customers.†Ã¢â‚¬  (A History of Tesco) The company recorded annual sale of ?1bn in the year 1979 and the sales doubled by the year 1982. The year 1987 was historical for the company as the company completed a successful takeover of their supermarket rivals Hillards for a whopping ?220m. The term superstore was an alien term but Tesco was the first company to introduce this term, the term referred to two aspects of the company, namely the size of their store and secondly the vast choice of inexpensive food and other items to choose from. The appearance of the stores mattered a lot and in order to ensure that the stores looked great, the company spent massive amount in order to put some daylight between their competitors. The company also took into account the parking space for the customers and ensured that their customers were provided with enough space and a wide range of products to choose from. The company was the first to install enhanced lightning and also widened its aisles. The company extensively worked on providing its customers with fresh food items to choose from. The company stopped depending on the manufacturers by opening a centralized warehouse to cater to the demands of its various stores spread across the whole of Europe. The company teamed up with Marks & Spencer to establish stores in all major cities, in an attempt to do so the company established a 65,000 square foot superstore which

Does Every Child Matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Does Every Child Matter - Essay Example The aim of this assignment is to draw attention to the background strategy and scheme of the ‘Every Child Matters’ programme. The paper will discuss how the programme has been working locally by collecting and comparing data from families of locals and the asylum seeker families in order to evaluate ‘Does Every Child Really Matter? This paper makes a conclusion that the study will make sure to carry out every effort to evaluate the actual results of the study. It will prove the fact that for the best interests of the child, social services will need to adopt standard factors such as reasonable services provided in a timely and appropriate way for provision of services. It will demonstrate, how much social services have been successful in providing a sound material family environment, and a moral and intellectual environment for the children living currently in poverty. Immigrant and refugee parents, who are unable to provide these conditions as readily as other parents should be given more consideration, for example, many immigrant and refugee parents may have difficulty complying with social service agencies' instructions because of their limited English; others face financial instability because of their ambiguous legal status, while more will be coping with employment, housing insecurity, and legal troubles common to immigrants and refugees. ‘Every Child Matters’ do not consider the parents' legal status as a determining factor and social services mostly do not consider these typical conditions as more difficult for immigrant and refugee parents to provide.

Hypothetical Consent and Political Legitimacy Essay -- What is Politics

ABSTRACT: A commonly accepted criticism of the social contract approach to justifying political authority targets the notion of hypothetical consent. Hypothetical contracts, it is argued, are not binding; therefore hypothetical consent cannot justify political authority. I argue that although hypothetical consent may not be capable of creating political obligation, it has the power to legitimate political arrangements. Hypothetical Consent and Justification A commonly accepted criticism of the social contract approach to justifying political authority targets the idea of hypothetical consent. Since only actual agreements are binding, the argument goes, citizens are not bound to obey their governments on the ground that, under circumstances different from the ones in which they now find themselves, they would have agreed to submit to its authority. (1) The purpose of this paper is to rescue hypothetical consent from this objection. I begin by distinguishing political legitimacy from political obligation. (2) I argue that while hypothetical consent may not serve as an adequate ground for political obligation, it is capable of grounding political legitimacy. I understand a theory of political legitimacy to give an account of the justice of political arrangements. (3) I understand a theory of political obligation to give an account of why and under what conditions, citizens are morally required to obey the rules constituting those arrangements. The social contract tradition offers us hypothetical consent theories of both political obligation and political legitimacy, frequently neglecting to distinguish the two ideas. Likewise, the common objection to hypothetical consent theories — that hypothetical contracts do not bind — ... ...vice of representation". (14) For an argument that no contractual agreement on the two principles of justice occurs in the original position and that therefore the two principles are not justified by a contract, see Jean Hampton, "Contracts and Choices: Does Rawls Have a Social Contract Theory?" The Journal of Philosophy 77, 6 (June 1980): 315-38. (15) As Jeremy Waldron maintains, "When we move from asking what people actually accept to asking what they would accept under certain conditions, we shift our emphasis away from the will and focus on the reasons that people might have for exercising their will in one way rather than another." Waldron, p. 55. (16) This objection is due to Bruce Landesman. (17) For a discussion of this distinction and the relation between the reasonable and the rational, see Rawls, PL, pp. 48-54. (18) See Freeman, pp. 123-31.

Huckleberry Finn Essay

In the protagonist Huckleberry Finn as he is depicted by Mark Twain, Emerson’s idea of the American scholar is epitomized. The following essay will present the points of Mark Twain as an American scholar through the character Huckleberry Finn; it is through Huckleberry Finn that Emerson’s ideas of nature, books and action become realized and this essay will bring to the forefront of its argument these facts among many other ideas of Emerson’s American scholar are epitomized in Twain’s character Huck. Huckleberry Finn is a character whose main purpose seems almost like a young tale of the Iliad in which fate seems to simply happen to Huck Finn. The events leading up to his stay with the widow Douglas he accounts are no fault of his own, as the metaphor of the story is found with the great Mississippi River so does Huck Finn’s life simply flow along until he makes a conscious choice. This choice comes into being when Huck decides that ‘sivilised’ life is not for him. In the rejection of civilized life Twain is brining in elements of Emerson’s ideals: Huck Finn is a very simplistic character and his thwarting of Widow Douglas best attempts of making him presentable to society become the correlation of Emerson’s American scholar. The American scholar according to Emerson is best found in nature since it is with nature that man learns how the world works; in the trees, and in the roots. This classification allows a man to simplify his life; life is easier with just nature and without civilization. Thus, it may be surmised that Huck’s doffing off of nature is Twain’s own sentiment on the subject of culture and the evilness of society. In Huckleberry Finn’s disappearance from civilized life, after his father kidnaps him and Huck fakes his own death, the voice of Emerson is best found with Jim the slave. Jim gives advice to Huckleberry Finn about the disappointments found in the world and how a man may be able to handle himself by making conscious choices. In the litany of Emerson, this concept is also found by way of Emerson stating that a scholar must gather for himself the appropriate information from different books in order to find an organized opinion about a subject and to take a side of each books’ opinion in order to find himself. Jim states similarly to Finn that he should experience what life has to offer and decide for himself the difference between right and wrong, morality and immoral nature. Thus, the point of going down the Mississippi is to gain as much knowledge and experience as possible in order to later filter opinion from fact, one’s own thoughts from society’s mores. It is in the creation of man’s own thoughts, of Finn deciding throughout the journey that no man should be a slave that Huckleberry Finn becomes a man, becomes an American scholar since he is finally thinking for himself. He rejects Widow Douglas, his father, society in whole and travels with Jim collecting his own thoughts and deciding what is wrong and what is right in the nature of man. In a subtler note, Emerson states that the American scholar must take action and in this capacity Mark Twain does not falter with his protagonist Huckleberry Finn. Huck’s action consists in the part of the story where the Dauphin capture Jim and subsequently sells him in order to receive the reward. Huck is completely outraged by this betrayal and in the course of the story this signifies the first time that he acts upon his own judgment and he rejects the advice of his conscience which tells him that by helping Jim escape to freedom he is in a way stealing Miss Watson’s property. Huck tells himself, â€Å"All right, then, I’ll go to hell! † (Twain), Huck resolves to free Jim. Emerson’s concept of the American scholar persists with this idea of action; Emerson states that the scholar must fill every moment of every day with action. The scholar should accordingly work different jobs in order to become fluent in a myriad of vocations. The scholar must also be a poylglot in order to express himself with different thoughts. In the language of the text Huck Finn speaks a very succinct colloquial language as well as proper grammar at times. Thus, he is fulfilling Emerson’s concepts. Finn’s epiphany while traveling and having conversations with Jim is such that he discovers man is his own master; in discovering that Jim has to hide in order to be free and comparing that with Finn’s own hiding in order not be kidnapped he relates himself to Jim. The discovery upon the river is as Emerson highlights, â€Å"And, finally, is not the true scholar the only true master? But the old oracle said, `All things have two handles: beware of the wrong one. ‘ In life, too often, the scholar errs with mankind and forfeits his privilege. Let us see him in his school, and consider him in reference to the main influences he receives† (Emerson). Thus, Finn epitomizes Emerson’s view of the American scholar through not only his thoughts but also his behaviors and his actions.

Internal Medicine What Makes Boulevard Unique - 827 Words

Internal Medicine: What Makes Boulevard Unique? Excellent health care is a major concern for families and individuals across the country. Finding knowledgeable and experienced practitioners is not always easy. If you live in the Bronx, you may have already discovered Boulevard Medical Healthcare, the Bronx’s top primary care provider. Boulevard Medical Healthcare provides comprehensive medical services to families and individuals, as well as offering both employment and immigration physicals. Boulevard is unique, in that it is able to provide an exceptional treatment environment. Not only does it have more diagnostic equipment than most other healthcare environments, it is staffed by highly trained specialists in both family and internal medicine. Doctors who focus on internal medicine, are called internists. They concentrate on the diagnosis, medical treatment, and care of adults. Family Medicine versus Internal Medicine Family medicine is a specialty that provides healthcare for both families and individuals. Physicians in family medicine provide medical diagnosis, treatment, and care to people of all ages, both sexes, every organ system, and all diseases. The patient-doctor relationship is generally in the framework of the family. Family medicine practitioners promote good health, stress disease prevention, and coordinate referrals when necessary. Graduates in family medicine have completed a broad range of study, which includes: †¢ Pediatrics †¢ Pregnancy †¢Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis10425 Words   |  42 Pageshousehold accessories and furniture at very affordable prices. During that time, the one-stop shopping philosophy was still a novel idea to consumers but with the excellent service and quality products it provided, it did not take long for Puregold to make its mark in the retail industry. 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For new users, I hope the book will meet your full expectations and be an effective instructional tool. Although case books abound, you and your students may find this somewhat unique and very readable, a book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skillsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union

Personal Note On Communication Skills - 1311 Words

My Communication skills As a first-year student at Trine, I have chosen to take a course called Interpersonal Communications. Interpersonal communication is defined as a transactional process involving participants who occupy different but overlapping environments and create meaning and relationships through the exchange of messages, many of which are affected by external, physiological and psychological noise. As a living species, I have learned to communicate with others. I will say that I have always looked at myself as being a good communicator. After reading the first couple chapters in the book, and completing the assignment â€Å"Communication Skills Inventory† I have realized that I could become a better communicator in different†¦show more content†¦I would also do my own research because I would not want an incident like this to happen again so if it is a recurring thing, I would want to protect my friend. This shows that I am a caring person and open minded . I do not like to judge people because everyone comes from different backgrounds so it is not right for me to judge someone. In the situation, above, my listening skills would be key because I would need to pay attention in what my friend is describing to know the details of what happened. One personal experience I have had with being a good communicator is one that I am sure is not seen every day or is rarely talked about if seen. I was the captain of my high school basketball team my junior and senior year. My senior year, one of my teammates tried to walk off the court after a tough loss before shaking hands. I was aware of my surroundings to see him and run over and talk him out of doing something as stupid as that. I made sure to approach him quickly and to be straight forward with him while also being calm and collected. I will say being calm and collected is very important when it comes to communicating under any sort of pressure. Lastly, another strength of mine is that I am an open-minded communicator. For example, when I showed up on move in day at Trine, I found out that I would be roommates with four Saudi Arabians. At first, I was not sureShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagessociety has become more and more dependent on social media. One must realize, while the use of social media in today’s society is a necessity due to the fast-paced environment that has been created, it can never fully replace the value received from personal interaction with others. The short film titled, The Library Book, perfectly illustrates this as the characters within the film learn to assimilate in a society dominated by social media. The actions of each character and their surroundings are anRead MoreLeadership Style Of A Healthcare1214 Words   |  5 Pageshealthcare setting requires a great breath of knowledge specific to healthcare and but it also requires soft skills that can be translated to many other professional endeavors. This essay will examine the leadership style of a specific healthcare professional, the strategies and skills that she uses to motivate their staff members and the results or impacts of the application of the skills and knowledge of leadership. The interview of this leade r allowed an insight into the inner workings of bothRead MoreWhat Is Social Skills Important?954 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Social Skills Social skills is skill facilitating interaction and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning these skills is called socialization. Why are Social Skills Important It has been shown that people who actively use technology have a harder time putting themselves into Social situations and thriving. Cell phones computers any social networks and gaming consoles like e –box. ThisRead MoreQuestions On Dealing With My Academic Skills1494 Words   |  6 Pagesthis short literary composition dealing with my Academic Skills subject analytically and speculatively writing about my presentation and how I’ve been delivered it. Starting with the creation of my presentation. Planning the presentation structure by deciding on what skills and techniques I can learn in this course that can be applied to the given content. And I’ve planned to decide presenting Academic skills applied in Business Communication. Giving a presentation with my fellow classmates from levelRead MoreHow Social Networking Changed Communication?1504 Words   |  7 Pages Social Networking I How has social networking changed communication? 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However, for people to listen effectively, they would need to practice to obtain the skill. †As with any new skill, learning to listen takes effort, attention, and practice† (Stewart, 2006, p. 202).Listening skills allow people to make sense of and understandRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Communication Skills For Leaders1574 Words   |  7 PagesOption 1: Personal Communication Development Plan Tanya Schankel ORG423 - Communication Strategies for Leaders Colorado State University - Global Campus Dr. Barbara Moyer October 2, 2016 Executive Summary Importance of Effective Communication Skills: In today s competitive marketplace, it is important for company success for leaders to have the proper communication skills that will help the organization reach its goals. Effective communication is practice and honed through day-to-day activitiesRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leader?1132 Words   |  5 PagesWhat makes a good leader? 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Page 2-3 | No. It is said that many college graduates failed the writing test because there

Homeless Youths in Canada Essay examples - 1762 Words

Even with the daily struggle faced by youth in obtaining shelter and homelessness becoming a reality for a growing number of Canadians, Canada, with its high quality of life is one country that has always had a global long-standing reputation (Health Canada, 2006). The aim of this paper is to give the reader a better understanding and knowledge with regards to homeless youth. It will be focusing on the reasons why they leave home, their lives on the street and steps they are trying to take to be able to leave the streets. An important finding from this research suggests, â€Å"the street youth population is diverse, complex, and heterogeneous† (Karabanow, 2008). According to Karabanow, made up of a number of subcultures including hardcore†¦show more content†¦The first reason youth leave home is according to Klodawsky, Aubry and Farrell, â€Å"pervasiveness of family conflict and violence†. Most street youth, including aboriginals, have been victims of disrupti on in their family homes, violence and abuse. A considerable amount of them reported having to live in group homes, foster care, jail or in a detention centre than their distinct family homes. In as much as these homeless youth reported to have gained employment in retail sales and fast food restaurants, they were still faced with the stereotypes in the workplace. Unlike the males who were more likely to have had the opportunity to work as a manual laborer, or in landscaping/moving furniture, the females were more likely to report of having to care for their children and less likely to report any work experiences. Through the interviews conducted by Kristin M. Ferguson, it was found out that the youth had similar characteristics about their families and their home environments that made them leave home and end up on the streets. These family characteristics include: home instability, abandonment and caregiver substance use Ferguson, 2008). In the case of home instability, as a result of their parents suffering and struggling with substance use, mental illness and homelessness as well, the youth lacked provisions from their parents. In their home environment, the youth went through insecurity, instability and even uncertainty (Ferguson,Show MoreRelatedHomeless Youth in Canada801 Words   |  4 Pagesnumber of homeless that live on the streets in Canada and 8,000-11,000 of those people are youth in the age range of only 16-24 years of age. This number has increased and grown bigger by the days due to social and economic factors and coming up with a solution becomes more complicated. Many teens become homeless because of hardship in their life or addiction and mental/psychical disabilities, which affects the integrity of that person. This essay will explain the factors of how youth end up onRead MoreHomelessness In Canada Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pagesare forced to live on the streets or put themselves on the stree ts, because they feel it would be a better fit. Homelessness in Canada is a very large and concerning issue because of the growing population. We need to ask our selves what causes homelessness, why are so many youth involved with homelessness and what can we change so that the homelessness problem in Canada lessens? Many people put the issue of homelessness aside because there are many programs that people can go to so that they canRead More The Rise in Youth Homelessness in Canada Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesToday in Canada, a rise in youth homelessness is being observed across the country. Despite common assumptions, the issue of street youth is not isolated to Toronto or Montreal, but has become pervasive across the country. Although accurate statistics are impossible to come by, the disturbing reality is that both urban centers and rural communities nationwide, are struggling to provide their youth with adequate, affordable housing. Issues surrounding the supply and affordability of housing, combinedRead MoreA SOLUTION TO HOMELESSNESS IN CANADA Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pagespublic (Tunstall, 2009) . Predominantly , the homeless are individuals or families with no permanent  residence who also lack the resources or abilities necessary to arrange for their own adequate housing and living (Stearman, 2010). This matter affects a diverse demographic of the Canadian public. In 2003, the Toronto report card on housing and homelessness reported that out of 32,000 people who used homeless shelters, 15% were families, 22% were youths between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four,Read MoreWhat Ways Does Immigration Status Impact Homeless And Why?1631 Words   |  7 Pagesof people who are homless will stay homeless for more than a year. This means that a large majority of vulnerable individuals such individuals living in poverty will stay living in a shelter or on the steets for more than a year until they are able to get back on their feet.Having a home is something many of us take for granted and until we face the the reality of seeing more individuals living under briges and on the corner of our c ommunities. Becoming homeless can happen to anyone. Immigrants areRead MoreThe Causes Of Homelessness1656 Words   |  7 Pagesand discrimination. Most people do not choose to be homeless, and the experience is generally negative, unpleasant, stressful and distressing6. Homelessness is a problem that affects every Canadian town or city, and is one that is dealt with using a variety of different methods. Homelessness is an epidemic with increasing numbers each year. This form of poverty can be found almost everywhere around the world. Despite the stigma that homeless people are on the streets for a reason, homelessnessRead MoreYouth Is The Future Of Tomorrow987 Words   |  4 PagesToday’s youth are the future of tomorrow and they will be in professions and trades that will shape our economy. They will be the policy-makers who will guide our society and they will be the parents who will raise the next generation (Representative for Children and Youth, 2015). As of July 1, 2010, there were approximately 3.7 million children under the age of 10; 1.9 million youths aged 10 to 14; and 2.2 million youths between 15 and 19 years of age (â€Å"A Statistical Snapshot,† n.d.). In particularRead MoreHomeless Youth Essay641 Words   |  3 PagesHomeless Youth Homelessness is defined as having no fixed place to sleep at night. This includes people staying in motels until their money runs out, those staying with friends, those staying in shelters, and those sleeping inside or out whatever space they can find to protect themselves. The number of homeless people has been growing and it has become a serious problem in our society. Every night in Canada there are thousands of people living on the streets. This type of behaviour is consideredRead MoreHomeless Teenagers: A Vulnerable Population951 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Homeless Teenagers: Vulnerable Population Introduction Homeless teenagers are a vulnerable population that faces many challenges just in terms of daily existence in addition to their overall development in the transitioning to adulthood. Current studies are reported to indicate that the primary cause of homeless among youth is family dysfunction in the form of parental neglect, physical or sexual abuse, family substance abuse, and family violence. (Runway Homeless Youth and Relationship ToolkitRead MoreThe Reasons For Youth Homelessness969 Words   |  4 Pagespeople you know. However, statistically speaking, thirty thousand people are homeless on any given night. For every one of these homeless people, three point five people are what is known as ‘hidden homeless’. Commonly referred to as couch surfers, these are people who have no permanent residence, but stay with relatives or friends temporarily. Young people aged sixteen to twenty four are twenty percent of the homeless population. With these high numbers of homeles sness right while we are in high

Avoiding Ethical Impropriety Free Essays

string(63) " with all good intentions, overlook potential for client harm\." AVOIDING ETHICAL IMPROPRIETY: PROBLEMS OF DUAL ROLE RELATIONSHIPS INTRODUCTION While the primary role of a therapist is to provide counseling services, therapists often assume further professional roles related to their special knowledge and training. For example, they may be consultants, expert witnesses, supervisors, authors, or teachers. As private persons, therapists also assume nonprofessional roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Avoiding Ethical Impropriety: or any similar topic only for you Order Now They may be parents, football coaches, consumers, members of the PTA, friends, sexual partners, and countless other things. In their diverse professional and private capacities therapists can contribute much to the overall happiness of the communities in which they live and work. When a professional assumes at least one additional professional or personal role with respect to the same clients, the relationship thus formed is termed a dual or multiple role relationship. For example, a teacher may also be the supervisor of one of his students/interns, or a counselor may also be a customer of a client/proprietor. Dual role relationships may occur simultaneously or consecutively (NASW, 1997, 1. 6. c). For example, a therapist has a consecutive dual role relationship when she counsels a former sexual partner or a former student. While not all dual role relationships are unethical (have potential to cause significant harm to client or other), sometimes the blending of the counseling role with certain personal roles or with certain other professional roles can generate serious moral problems. Throughout this pap er this learner will consider intricacies of problematic dual role relationships. The environment this learner will focus on is schools and universities. Two case studies will be presented, one exploring some key issues of sexual relations with clients, the other exploring some key issues of non-sexual dual role relationships. This learner will also apply the ACA code of ethics throughout this paper. Four sets of standards regarding ethical management of dual role relationships will be adduced. DUAL ROLE RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Dual role relationships are morally problematic when they involve the therapist in a conflict of interest. According to Davis and Stark â€Å"a erson has a conflict of interest if he is in a relationship with one or more others requiring the exercise of judgment in the others’ behalf but has a special interest tending to interfere with the proper exercise of judgment in that relationship. † For example, a therapist’s ability to counsel a client may be adversely affected if the counselor is also the client’s business partner. Insofar as a dual role relationship i mpairs the therapist’s ability to make judgments promotive of client welfare, the therapist has a moral responsibility to avoid such a relationship or to take appropriate steps to safeguard client welfare. One possible manner of dealing with a dual role relationship involving a conflict of interest is to inform the client that the conflict exists. In this way, clients are treated as autonomous agents with the power to go elsewhere if and when they so choose. However, while such an approach will accord with candor and consideration for client autonomy, it may not alone resolve the moral problem. The potential for client harm may still persist in cases in which the client elects to stick with the relationship. Non-maleficence–â€Å"first do no harm†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ should then take priority. A further approach aiming at mitigating potential for client harm is to make full disclosure to the client and seek consultation and supervision in dealing with the conflict (Corey amp; Herlihy, 1997). According to Corey and Herlihy (1997), while this approach may be more â€Å"challenging† than avoiding dual role relationships altogether, â€Å"a willingness to grapple with the ethical complexities of day-to-day practice is a hallmark of professionalism. † However, the client’s ability to â€Å"grapple† with the situation must also be taken into account. In situations where the therapist seeks consultation and supervision to deal with a conflict of interest, candor requires that the therapist inform the client of such. Although different clients may respond differently to disclosure of this information, it should be considered what implications this arrangement may have from the client’s perspective. If the therapist cannot trust himself (without supervision) to act in concert with client welfare, will this adversely effect the client’s ability to trust the therapist in this or other situations? The mere existence of the dual role relationship may itself present an obstacle for the client. For example, in a relationship in which the client barters for counseling services, the client may feel compelled to treat the therapist in a manner that exceeds ordinary customer expectations. The client’s perception may then be more important than the reality. Even if the therapist succeeds in maintaining independence of judgment through consultation and supervision, this may not matter if the client does not perceive the situation this way or if the client is otherwise unable to maintain objectivity. In some situations, dual role relationships may be unavoidable. For example, in a rural locality in which there is only one practicing therapist and one bank, the therapist’s loan officer may also be the therapist’s client. In situations where avoiding the dual role is not possible or not feasible, the therapist should then take precautions such as informed consent, consultation, supervision, and documentation to guard against impaired judgment and client exploitation (ACA, 1995, A. 6. a). Viewed in this light, therapists practicing under conditions where unavoidable dual role relationships are likely (for example, in small rural towns), have additional warrant for making and keeping in contact with other competent professionals willing to provide consultation or supervision upon request. Morally problematic dual role relationships may be sexual or non-sexual in nature. Sexual dual role relationships include ones in which therapists engage in sexual relations with current clients or with former clients. Non-sexual dual role relationships include (but are not limited to) ones in which the therapist is also the client’s supervisor, business partner or associate, friend, employee, relative, or teacher. While these relationships are often avoidable, their problematic nature may go unnoticed. For example, in an effort to help a friend in need, a therapist may, with all good intentions, overlook potential for client harm. You read "Avoiding Ethical Impropriety:" in category "Papers" Professional and legal standards governing sexual relationships with current clients consistently forbid such relationships. Legal sanctions may include license revocation, civil suits, and criminal prosecution (Anderson, 1996). According to The American Counseling Association Code of Ethics, â€Å"counselors do not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have had a sexual relationship† (A. 7. a). The National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics justifies its own prohibition against providing clinical services to former sexual partners on the grounds that such conduct â€Å"has the potential to be harmful to the individual and is likely to make it difficult for the social worker and individual to maintain appropriate professional boundaries† (NASW, 1997, 1. 9. d) The potential harm resulting from sexual activities with clients has been documented. For example, citing the research of Kenneth S. Pope (1988), Herlihy and Corey (1997) have noted that harm may resemble that akin to victims of rape, battery, child abuse, and post traumatic stress. These effects include â€Å"ambivalence, guilt, emptiness and isolation, identity/boundary/role confusion, sexual confusion, impaired ability to trust, emotional liability, suppressed rage, cognitive dysfunction, and increased suicidal risk† (p. 4). The prohibition against sexual activities with current clients has also been extended to students and supervisees. For example, according to the American Psychological Association Ethical Standards, â€Å"psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees in training over whom the psychologist has evaluative or direct authority, because such relationships are so likely to impair judgment or be exploitative (1. 19. b). There is, however, less consensus on the question of sex with former clients. Although some states unconditionally regard sex with former clients as sexual misconduct, other state statutes as well as codes of ethics make exceptions. For example, Standard 4. 07 of the American Psychological Association Ethical Standards asserts the following: a. Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with a former therapy patient or client for at least two years after cessation or termination of professional services. . Because sexual intimacies with a former therapy patient or client are so frequently harmful to the patient or client, and because such intimacies undermine public confidence in the psychology profession and thereby deter the public’s use of needed services, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former therapy patients and clients even after a two-year interval except in the most unusual circumstances. The psychologist who engages in such activities after the two years following cessation or termination of treatment bears the burden of demonstrating that there has been no exploitation, in light of all relevant factors, including (1) the amount of time that has passed since therapy terminated, (2) the nature and duration of therapy, (3) the circumstances of termination, (4) the patient’s or client’s personal history, (5) the patient’s or client’s current mental status, (6) the ikelihood of adverse impact on the patient or client and others, and (7) any statements or actions made by the therapist during the course of therapy suggesting or inviting the possibility of a post-termination sexual or romantic relationship with the patient or client. The American Counseling Association has recently adopted a similar rule stipulating a minimum two year waiting period, and requiring counselors to â€Å"thoroughly examine and document that such relations did not ha ve an exploitative nature† based upon similar criteria as those set forth in the above rule (ACA, Code, A. . b). The American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors has also adopted a two year waiting period (AAMFT, 1991, 1. 12). Without stipulating a time period, the recent Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers has provided that social workers should not engage in sexual activities or sexual conduct with former clients because of the potential for harm to the client. The latter also adds that if social workers act contrary to this prohibition or claim exceptional circumstances, then social workers, not their clients, â€Å"assume the full burden of demonstrating that the former client has not been exploited, coerced, or manipulated, intentionally or unintentionally† (NASW, 1997, 1. 09. c). From a rule utilitarian perspective, a rule unconditionally forbidding sex with former clients may be warranted. First, as the above APA rule suggests, the circumstances of excusable sexual relationships with former clients are â€Å"most unusual. Second, therapists contemplating sexual relations with former clients may find it difficult to objectively examine and document that such relationships are not exploitative. Their â€Å"utilitarian calculations† may be biased. Third, insofar as sexual intimacies with former clients are frequently harmful to clients and tend to undermine public confidence in the profession and its services, permitting such relations risks a high measure of disutility. Accordingly, if therapists avoided sexual relationships with former clients without exception, then they would probably maximize overall happiness in the long run. On the other hand, given discretionary standards such as those of the APA and ACA, it is important that therapists exercise such discretion wisely. The following case study is intended to shed light on confronting conflicts of interest when sexual interests become an issue. CASE 1 Sexual Dual Role Relationships: A Case of Mutual Sexual Attachment Crystal first met Dr. Walker, a thirty-eight-year-old psychologist, when she came to him for marital problems. Crystal, an attractive, twenty-five-year-old women, had been married to her husband, Chris, for two years when she entered therapy. Chris was a wealthy corporate CEO and at the time the couple met, Crystal was a fashion model working between jobs as a waiter in a popular nightclub. When the two were married, Chris insisted that Bethany give up her career goals and stay at home. Crystal cooperated with Chris, resigning from her job and severing all ties with her modeling agency. During the first few weeks of her marriage, after returning from a week-long honeymoon in Europe, she felt reasonably contented. However, as the weeks went on, she began to experience increasing dissatisfaction with her new life, which she subsequently described as â€Å"totally empty†. Although she was frequently visited by friends, she still felt very much alone. Chris was often away on business and the couple’s relationship began to â€Å"feel strained† when the two were together. While they had previously enjoyed an active sex life, the couple gradually became sexually estranged. Crystal thought that their relationship might improve if she resumed her modeling career, but when Crystal tried to discuss the matter with Chris, he refused to listen to her, stating â€Å"I will not suffer the humiliation of having any wife of mine parading about like a piece of meat. When she suggested that they go to marriage counseling, Chris refused, saying that there was nothing that the two couldn’t resolve on their own. However, a close friend convinced Crystal to seek counseling, even though her husband would not agree to come along. The friend recommended Dr. Walker. In therapy with Dr. Walker, Crystal often expressed a desire to leave her husband but al so expressed fears of â€Å"being by herself† and of not â€Å"making it on her own† without guidance from her husband. On the one hand, she complained of boredom, loneliness, and desperation; on the other, she expressed reluctance to give up what she now had to return to the precariousness of her former existence. It was a lot â€Å"easier and less risky,† she said, â€Å"just to stay right where I am. † Dr. Walker knew from personal experience how difficult it could be to stand up to the fear of making changes in one’s life without any guarantees. Having been through a divorce (three years ago) with a woman whom he had been married to for thirteen years, Dr. Walker felt a personal bond with Crystal. He too had struggled with similar issues and felt the force of inertia as he mustered up enough inner strength to leave a wife whom he had lived unhappily with for over a decade. Hence, when Crystal began to make romantic overtures toward him (telling him that she found him extremely attractive, that she was falling in love with him, and asking him if he felt the same about her), Dr. Walker found himself in a more perplexing situation. In response to Crystal’s query about his feelings toward her, Dr. Walker responded by stating query about his feelings toward her, Dr. Walker responded by stating â€Å"I think you are a very attractive woman but as your therapist it would be inappropriate and definitely not in your best interest if I were to become personally involved with you. † Although he considered Crystal’s overtures to be a result of transference, he began to question the appropriateness of counseling a women who awakened so much of his own personal turmoil, and he worried about the possibility of his own countertransference. Dr. Walker was indeed also sexually attracted to Crystal. While he was aware of other occasions in which he was sexually attracted to female clients whom he managed to successfully counsel, Dr. Walker felt less confident in the present case. Crystal had at this juncture been in therapy for six months. Although he believed that she had made significant progress in this period, he also believed that it would be in her best interest if she were referred to another therapist. He therefore decided to terminate therapy and to refer her. Dr. Walker explained to Crystal that he had personal problems of his own that made it inappropriate for him to continue as her therapist, and that it was in her best interest if she accepted his referral. Notwithstanding Crystal’s repeated pleas to know more, Dr. Walker refused to comment on what exactly those personal problems were except to emphasize that they were his, not her, problems. Crystal declined the referral and, in tears, left his office, neither seeking nor receiving therapy from anyone else again. Dr. Walker did not himself seek professional counseling for his personal problems. However. s a result of his experience with Crystal, he did subsequently avoid practicing marriage counseling, especially with young, attractive female clients. About two years after ending their professional relationship, Dr. Walker met Crystal while shopping at a supermarket and they began to talk. Crystal explained that she had divorced Chris a year ago and that she was presently trying to get back into fashion modeling but was finding it difficult to make headway. The two exchanged phone numbers. A week later Dr. Walker called Crystal and asked her out on a date. They subsequently began a sexual relationship. As we have seen, the primary purpose of a therapist is to promote the welfare of the client. In the present case, Dr. Walker’s decision to terminate Crystal’s counseling was a rational response to the problem of how best to fulfill this primary counseling mission. Dr. Walker was aware that his personal emotions were potentially harmful to Crystal’s continued therapeutic advancement. In particular, he was aware that his sexual attraction for this client coupled with his apparently unresolved feelings about his former marriage and divorce provided a climate for countertransference. In this regard, Dr. Walker’s decision to terminate was in concert with the Principle of Loyalty insofar as his personal conflict prevented him from maintaining independence of judgment in the provision of treatment. As provided by APA Standard 1. 13c, a therapist who becomes aware of a personal problem that has potential for interfering with the provision of professional services should take â€Å"appropriate measures,† which may include terminating therapy. In making a referral upon termination, Dr. Walker further sought to safeguard client welfare. There was, of course, the risk that Crystal might refuse Dr. Walker’s referral and never again seek counseling, a possibility that did in fact come to pass. Dr. Walker was accordingly confronted with the problem of deciding which option–referral versus continued therapy–ran the greatest chance of minimizing harm and maximizing welfare for this client. In making this â€Å"utilitarian† determination, Dr. Walker could not, however, mechanically and dispassionately calculate the risks of each available option. On the one hand, he had to try to transcend his own subjective feelings in order to rationally assess the situation. Yet, on the other hand, he had to stay in touch with those very same feelings which he sought to transcend in the process of deciding. Were the emotions he was now experiencing more of an impediment to successful counseling than previous experiences he had when he chose not to refer? Was the present case really different than the previous ones? To answer these questions, Dr. Walker could not merely be an â€Å"impartial† and â€Å"objective† observer applying a rational standard as Kantian ethics. Nevertheless, while he had to live his feelings in order to adequately represent them, he also had to attain some measure of â€Å"rational† distance from them. According to Martin (1997) such â€Å"professional distance† can be defined as a reasonable response in pursuing professional values by avoiding inappropriate personal involvements while maintaining a sense of personal engagement and responsibility. Under-distancing is the undesirable interference of personal values with professional standards. Over-distancing is the equally undesirable loss of personal involvement, whether in the form of denying one’s responsibility for one’s actions or in the form of lacking desirable forms of caring about clients and community. How can a professional determine whether client engagement avoids the above extremes and is therefore â€Å"proper†? Such determination, according to Martin (1997), constitutes an â€Å"Aristotelian mean† between these extremes. As such it must rest with perception and sound judgment enlightened by experience. As a general rule, this mean appears to be reached in therapy when the therapist gets as close to the client’s situation as possible without losing her ability to rationally assess it, for it is at this point that the therapist’s powers of empathetic caring and understanding are at their highest rational level. The point at which a therapist has attained this mean and has therefore stretched her rational capacities to their limits appears to be relative to both situation and individual therapist and May not always be attainable. Thus, while Dr. Walker has successfully treated clients to whom he was sexually attracted, at least some therapists might not be able to successfully work with such clients and had best refer them. On the other hand, Dr. Walker was not sanguine about his ability to work with Crystal without under-distancing himself. In deciding whether or not to refer, Dr. Walker needed to remain personally engaged yet detached enough to make a rational judgment about what would best promote his client’s welfare. Paradoxically, he had to attain proper distance in order to decide whether, in counseling Crystal, he would be able to maintain proper distance. Martin (1997) claims that maintaining such distance within a professional relationship serves at least three important functions. First, it can help professionals to efficiently cope with difficult situations by keeping them from becoming emotionally overwhelmed. Second, proper distance can help in promoting a professional’s respect for clients’ autonomy. Third, it can help a professional to maintain objectivity. Insofar as loss of professional distance militates against these three functions, serious potential for loss of proper professional distance in counseling Crystal would have afforded Dr. Walker sufficient reason for termination. In the first place, loss of professional distance, in particular under-distancing himself from Crystal, could have destroyed his ability to cope with Crystal’s crisis by resulting in countertransference. In such an instance, Dr. Walker’s inability to keep personal interests separate from those of client could well have clouded and distorted his professional judgment regarding client welfare and thereby preempted the provision of competent counseling services. With loss of proper professional distance, Dr. Walker would accordingly have also suffered loss of objectivity, that is†critical detachment, impartiality, the absence of distorting biases and blinders† (Martin (1997). Had Dr. Walker allowed his personal interests and emotions to seep into the professional relationship, his perception would have been biased and as such not objective. For example, in overidentifying with Crystal’s plight as an extension of his own negative marital experience, he would no longer have been impartial. He would have had blinders on, interpreting Crystal’s circumstances in terms of his own values and interests, seeking resolution not of Crystal’s crisis but of his own. In Dr. Walker’s case, loss of proper professional distance could also have affected client autonomy by impairing his powers of empathy. We have seen that empathy can be an important autonomy facilitating virtue. This virtue, however, entails proper professional distance by requiring a therapist to feel as if he were in the client’s subjective world â€Å"without ever losing the `as if’ quality. † Dr. Walker’s failure to keep his own subjectivity separate from that of his client would have precluded the possibility of his â€Å"accurately sensing the feelings and meanings being experienced by the client,† for these experiences would have been filtered through Dr. Walker’s own veil of self-interest and personal emotions. As a result Dr. Walker would not have been able to competently help his client accurately clarify the feelings and meanings she was sensing. It is, however, through such increased self-understanding that Crystal could reasonably hope to gain greater control over her own behavior and life circumstances. Given serious potential for loss of proper professional distance, any attempt by Dr. Walker to continue counseling Crystal might therefore have been carried out behind a veil of self-interest and misguided ideas, impeding client progress toward greater autonomy and well-being, countering the primary counseling mission. Under such conditions, Crystal’s own state of dependency would have rendered her vulnerable to the exploitation and manipulation that easily arises when a counselor does not clearly separate personal welfare, interests, or needs from that of the client. Dr. Walker’s decision to terminate was accordingly in concert with his moral responsibility not to apply the power and authority of his professional role in a manner that might exploit client dependency and vulnerability. In keeping with the Principle of Vulnerability, the heightened vulnerability of this client due to the therapist’s diminished capacity for objectivity provided an occasion for exercising special care in guarding against infliction of client harm. This additional moral responsibility to take â€Å"special care† was discharged by Dr. Walker when, in consideration of his personal conflict, he decided to terminate. From a Kantian perspective, the rationale for termination is also apparent. As Crystal’s therapist, Dr. Walker’s role was to facilitate her increased personal autonomy. However, by continuing therapy instead of terminating, he risked treating her as a â€Å"mere means† to the satisfaction of his own confused interests and desires rather than treating her as an autonomous agent. Dr. Walker’s motive for terminating Crystal’s therapy, namely to safeguard her welfare, could also consistently be willed to be a universal law inasmuch as such a law would be consistent with and supportive of the primary counseling mission. It is noteworthy, however, that not all motives for termination could meet this Kantian standard. For example, had Dr. Walker terminated Crystal’s therapy for the express purpose of beginning a sexual relationship with her, such a motive would not have been â€Å"universalizable. † This is because, if therapists consistently and universally sacrificed their clients’ welfare whenever it suited their personal interests or needs, clients would not trust their therapists and therefore counseling would not effectively work. Furthermore, to consent to a universal law of such betrayal would be to consent to being treated as a â€Å"mere means† rather than as an autonomous agent, which no rational person would do. It is thus apparent why the ACA now requires therapists who intend to have sexual relationships with former clients to ascertain that they did not terminate therapy as part of a plan to initiate a sexual relationship with the client (ACA, 1995, A. 7. b). More generally the ACA also provides that counselors should â€Å"avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients† (ACA, 1995, A. 5. a). It might, however, be suggested that no violation of client autonomy occurs when a client consents to termination of therapy for purposes of beginning a sexual relationship. After all, it might be said, is this not to respect the client’s will rather than to engage in any form of betrayal? Thus, supposing that Crystal were willing to discontinue therapy for purposes of pursuing sex with Dr. Walker, would Dr. Walker not have respected her autonomy (self-determination) by obliging her? Crystal’s attraction to Dr. Walker was a case of transference, carrying out a sexual relationship with her would have been to exploit and manipulate her dependency, not to foster her autonomy. Given Crystal’s vulnerable state of mind, it is far from clear, however, that her consent could have been considered â€Å"free† and â€Å"uncoerced†. In the least, given Dr. Walker’s own impaired capacity for objectivity, and the potential to cause serious client harm, such conduct would have been a blatant violation of Dr. Walker’s moral responsibility to safeguard the welfare of a vulnerable client. In terminating the counseling relationship, should Dr. Walker have told Crystal why he was terminating her therapy? It is arguable that in not fully informing Crystal of the grounds of termination, Dr. Walker had failed to act in a manner befitting a candid and congruent therapist. In support of the Principle of Candor, the APA provides that â€Å"psychologists make reasonable efforts to answer patients’ questions and to avoid apparent misunderstandings about therapy†(APA, 1992, 4. 01. d). In further support, the ACA provides that â€Å"whenever counseling is initiated, and throughout the counseling process as necessary, counselors inform clients of the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks and benefits of services to be performed, and other pertinent information† (ACA, 1995, A. . a). In still further support, the ACA provides that in terminating counseling, counselors should aim at â€Å"securing agreement when possible† (A. 11. c). Unfortunately, Crystal was not afforded the opportunity to provide informed consent to termination in a much as she was denied information material to termination, and which any client in simi lar circumstances would reasonably want to know. Thereby, she was not treated as an â€Å"end in herself,† that is, as a self-determining agent. Additionally, Dr. Walker left Crystal in a state of frustration and bewilderment. Was she to blame for Dr. Walker’s decision to terminate despite his insistence that it was due to â€Å"his problem†? Since Dr. Walker had already admitted that he found Crystal to be attractive, was termination a result of his feelings toward her? Did he really love her? On the other hand, was he just offended by her having â€Å"come on† to him? In refusing to disclose his grounds for termination, Dr. Walker failed to achieve adequate closure to therapy, and Crystal was simply left â€Å"hanging. † While Dr. Walker did previously state that he found Crystal to be â€Å"a very attractive woman,† this had been at Crystal’s own prompting. As such, this statement of his could well have been construed by Crystal as merely an attempt to appease her. As far as Dr. Walker did not follow through with an explicit, candid disclosure as pertinent to termination, therapy ended on an inauthentic note. In failing to â€Å"own† his own feelings, Dr. Walker missed a final and hence important opportunity to model congruence and so to encourage Crystal to take similar responsibility for her own future life decisions. What, then, might Dr. Walker have said to Crystal in response to her request for further information about why he was terminating and referring her? The truth as presented along the following lines would probably have been sufficient: â€Å"I have not completely worked through my own divorce, which, coupled with my own sexual attraction for you, has made it difficult for me to remain professionally objective and to provide you with the competent counseling services to which you are entitled. In cases like this, it is my professional responsibility to refer you to someone who will afford you such services. † In making disclosure along these lines, Dr. Walker would have responded in a manner befitting a candid and congruent therapist, and accordingly in such a manner consistent with the primary counseling mission. Dr. Walker’s experience with Crystal appropriately alerted him to the possibility that his own â€Å"unfinished business† surrounding his divorce justified refraining from accepting clients whose profiles were similar to Crystal’s. In this regard, in concert with the Principle of Loyalty, the APA (1992) provides that psychologists â€Å"refrain from undertaking an activity when they know or should know that their personal problems are likely to lead to harm to patent, client . . . or other person to whom they may owe a professional or scientific obligation† (1. 13. a). Dr. Walker failed to have worked through his own marital issues affected his ability to provide competent counseling services, Dr. Walker also had a professional responsibility to obtain competent counseling for himself. Thus, in concert with the Principle of Non-Maleficence, the ACA provides that â€Å"counselors refrain from offering or accepting professional services when their physical, mental or emotional problems are likely to harm a client or others. They are alert to the signs of impairment, seek assistance for problems, and, if necessary, limit, suspend, or terminate their professional responsibilities†(ACA, 1995, C. 2. g). In the present case neither Dr. Walker nor Crystal sought therapy for their personal problems after their professional relationship ceased. It was under these circumstances, about two years later, that Dr. Walker and Crystal began a sexual relationship. It was therefore quite possible that Crystal’s sexual attraction and willingness to begin a sexual relationship with Dr. Walker was a result of the same transference problem that led Dr. Walker to terminate therapy in the first place. Similarly, it is also quite possible that Dr. Walker’s own sexual attraction and willingness to begin a sexual relationship with Crystal were themselves an actualization of his previously perceived tendency to countertransfer. If so, then the possibility for client manipulation and harm which existed in therapy could be hypothesized to continue to exist in the personal relationship. Furthermore, since in his personal relationship with Crystal Dr. Walker was no longer expected to maintain professional distance or to be objective, the potential for even greater client manipulation and harm could be hypothesized to exist. In keeping with the Principle of Non-Maleficence, Dr. Walker had a professional responsibility to avoid harming others, which clearly included former clients. Dr. Walker entry into a personal relationship with Crystal placed her at significant risk of harm–and arguably at even greater risk than in their previous professional relationship–Dr. Walker had a professional responsibility to avoid such a relationship with Crystal. In addition, since this potential for harm may be traced to the exercise of power and authority established in the therapeutic context, Dr. Walker may be viewed as having used his professional powers and authorities in a manner inconsistent with Crystal’s welfare. Furthermore, a rule of â€Å"once a client, always a client† would seem to derive force from the implausibility of supposing that a client’s welfare matters only within the professional context but subsequently becomes expendable as soon as therapy is (formally) ended. Further, given that professional safeguards were no longer expected in the personal relationship, all knowledge previously acquired in the therapeutic context was no longer insulated from personal use. Thus, by virtue of his personal relation with Crystal, Dr. Walker was no longer expected to remain objective and professionally distanced, yet he was still privy to information previously protected by such professional responsibilities. Given the emotional dynamics of personal relationships, the potential for misuse of such knowledge will have accordingly increased. For example, in the throws of an emotionally heated disagreement, Dr. Walker might allow his perception to be colored by his intimate knowledge of Crystal’s former marriage. This could in turn affect the manner of his own verbal, behavioral and emotional responses to Crystal. Insofar as knowledge acquired under a bond of professional confidentiality, is subsequently used for personal purposes, the Principle of Discretion will also be breached. As the APA (1992) states, â€Å"Psychologists discuss confidential information obtained in clinical or consulting relationships †¦ only for appropriate professional and scientific purposes†¦ † (5. 03. b); and it is clear use of private client information for personal, self-interested reasons falls outside the purview of such legitimate purposes. It is possible. of course, that Dr. Walker could manage to keep such private information out of his personal life. Nevertheless, therapists are human beings who have emotions and do not always perform at their best. Therefore, expecting therapists to avoid at all times being influenced by prior clinical knowledge of a person with whom they are intimately relating may be asking too much of the most well-adjusted. In Dr. Walker’s case, however, there were already reasons for supposing that he had unresolved problems that would make such expectations all the more unrealistic. Furthermore, maintaining such a stature is tantamount to expecting the therapist to fulfill his professional esponsibilities within the context of a personal relationship. Role expectations between professional and personal relationships, are however, notoriously inconsistent. Thus, in personal relationships, â€Å"there is an expectation that the needs of both parties will be met in a more or less reciprocal manner. It is difficult to consistently put the consumer’s needs first if one is also invested in meeting one’s own needs. † And, accordingly, â€Å"as the incompatibility of expectations increases between roles, so will the potential for misunderstanding and harm† (Kitchener, 1988). On analysis, it is therefore clear that, in starting a sexual relation with a former client, Dr. Walker acted contrary to the primary counseling mission by taking substantial, unwarranted risks. Even though Dr. Walker waited two years before starting a sexual relation as some standards (for example, APA and ACA) require, there were strong reasons militating against starting the relationship. Furthermore, had Dr. Walker attempted to document that this relationship did not have an exploitative basis, it is questionable that Dr. Walker himself would have been in a situation to objectively assess the matter. Under the circumstances, it would have been more fitting had he called in a consultant to help him to decide the matter (ACA, 1995, C. 2. e). Such unbiased ethics assessment would probably have been more reliable than Dr. Walker’s own determination. It is evident that a two year waiting period is not itself a reliable index of warranted sexual relations with former clients. As the APA has suggested, warrant for sexual relations with former clients is â€Å"most unusual. † Had Dr. Walker seen Crystal on a single occasion without having established an ongoing professional relation with her, such warrant would have been arguable. Here, however, there is still danger of the appearance of conflict of interest–or even worse, of exploitation of clients. A profession cannot afford to have its image tarnished. A therapist concerned for the welfare of prospective clients cannot afford to neglect professional image. A professional known to have had sex with former clients–no matter how well the relation might have been documented–does nothing to promote an image of a trustworthy and virtuous therapist in the public eye. Finally, legal requirements need not always be in harmony with professional standards. While some causes may sometimes be morally compelling enough to override obedience to law, it is unlikely that violation of a state statute in order to engage in a sexual relation with a former client would qualify. If sexual relations with former clients were legally regarded as sexual misconduct in the state in which Dr. Walker practiced, there would have been further reason, an overriding and compelling reason, for his not engaging in such a relation with Crystal. In the absence of such a state statute, there would also have been a compelling case against it. ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR ADDRESSING DUAL ROLE RELATIONSHIPS The following rules of dual role relationships may be gathered from the case study. While they are not intended to be exhaustive of all such possible rules, they are intended to supplement ones provided under Principles of Loyalty and Non-Maleficence. General Rules Regarding Dual Role Relationships: GR 1 In considering whether a dual role relationship is morally problematic and should be avoided or terminated therapists considers the potential for loss of the client’s independence of judgment as well as that of their own. GR 2 Therapists consider the adverse effects that pursuing certain types of dual role relationships (for instance, sexual relations with former clients) might have on the public image of their profession, and avoid apparent conflicts of interest as well as actual ones. GR 3 Therapists avoid any dual role relationship in which a serious potential for misappropriation of confidential information exists (for instance, the use of such information for malicious or self-serving purposes). GR 4 Therapists who have institutional affiliations (for instance, teach at colleges or universities or work in agencies) avoid provision of therapy to other employees with whom they have or are likely to have working relations. GR 5 Therapists establish and maintain contact with other qualified professionals available to render competent, independent ethics consultation or supervision in case conflicts of interest make the therapists’ own judgment questionable. GR’s 1 through 4 are based upon the premise that therapists should take reasonable measures to avoid all dual role relationships for which there exists serious potential for loss of independence of judgment–the client’s as well as the therapist’s–and conflicts of interest–apparent and actual. The aforementioned rules provide some key considerations for avoiding such relationships. When therapists cannot feasibly avoid a conflict of interest, then they should fully inform the affected clients about the conflict, and, with the clients’ consent, seek consultation and/or supervision from other qualified professionals (ACA, 1995, A. . a). GR 5 has been advanced in support of the latter premise. In satisfying GR 5, therapists who work in agencies should establish and maintain contact with other competent professionals who practice outside their agencies and are therefore more likely to provide independent, nonbiased consultation or supervisi on. Therapists who practice in isolated rural areas have an especially compelling interest in establishing and maintaining such contacts. As is true with respect to other rules, the present ones are intended to help in guiding therapists’ decisions regarding dual role relationships, but are not intended as a substitute for careful ethical reflection. For instance, while avoidance of apparent conflicts of interest is important for maintaining professional image, GR 2 must be applied with regard for the welfare, interests, and needs of particular clients. For example, a therapist might justly tolerate public appearance of a conflict of interest in order to prevent serious harm to an identifiable client while such involvement purely for personal gain would be unacceptable. GR 1 underscores that morally problematic dual role relationships can arise not only when the therapist encounters a conflict of interest but also when the client’s independence of judgment is impaired. Since either case can result in ineffective or self-defeating therapy, a therapist may have compelling reason for avoiding or terminating a dual role relationship even when it is only the client’s judgment that is adversely affected. The use of the term â€Å"qualified professional† in GR 5 refers to another competent therapist as well as to a competent professional in a related area such as a professional ethicist. The term â€Å"working relations† in GR 4 means direct employee relations arising out of the cooperative performance of specific job-related tasks. Such tasks include secretarial, administrative, custodial, maintenance, committee, and departmental functions. Working relations must involve direct contact, which means exchange of information by face-to-face contact or other channels such as e-mail, phone or interoffice memo. In general, the more frequent and intimate the job-related ontact between therapist and client, the greater the potential for loss of independence of judgment by both parties. Thus, an occasional interoffice memo may not be as risky as on-going face-to-face contact. The term â€Å"working relation† does not apply simply because two individuals have the same employer. In a very large institution such as a state university, it is possible that two employees have no working relation, but this is less likely to be true in smaller institutions such as coun seling agencies. Rules Regarding Sexual Relations with Former Clients: SF 1 Therapists do not engage in sexual relations with current clients and generally avoid sexual relations with former clients. In rare cases in which therapists are considering the warrant for sexual relations with former clients (for instance, in cases where no ongoing therapeutic relationship has been established), they consult with other competent, impartial professionals in documenting the non-exploitative nature of the considered relations. SF 2 Therapists recognize that their former clients like current clients can still be vulnerable to sexual manipulation, and therefore avoid taking undue sexual advantage of these individuals Therapists do not assume that their former clients’ agreement to enter into sexual relations with them constitutes freely given consent. SF 3 If the state in which a therapist practices regards all sexual relations with former clients as sexual misconduct, then therapists do not engage in any such relations even where warrant for the relation might otherwise exist. In SF 2, the term â€Å"undue sexual advantage† refers to the exploitation of any client weakness related to the prior therapist-client relationship, for example, an unresolved client transference issue, persistent client dependency on the therapist, or the therapist’s position of power and authority over the client. Insofar as such client weaknesses may persist after therapy has been terminated, the burden of proof resides with the therapist to show that the client’s consent to a sexual relation with the therapist is not a result of such factors but rather constitutes the client’s autonomous, uncoerced consent (NASW, 1997, 1. 9. c). In the rare cases in which this can be shown, SF 1 requires that documentation include the favorable outcome of consultation with at least one other independent, competent professional (as defined above) in addition to such documentation specified in other pertinent standards addressed in this chapter (APA, 1992, 4. 07; ACA, 1 995, A. 7. b). While a virtuous therapist would ordinarily have regard for law, we have noted that some causes such as prevention of serious harm to a client may sometimes militate against compliance with law. Rule SF 3, however, is intended to make clear that satisfaction of the therapist’s sexual interests– even when coupled with that of the former client–does not warrant or mitigate the legal transgression. Rules Regarding Sexual Attraction to Clients: AC 1 Therapists are not disqualified from counseling clients to whom they are sexually attracted so long as they are able to provide these clients with competent, professional services. However, if they have or, in the course of therapy, develop sexual attractions for clients which impair or are likely to impair the therapists’ independence of judgment, then they terminate therapy and make appropriate referrals. AC 2 Therapists do not accept as clients individuals from certain populations (for instance, certain gender and age categories) for whom sexual feelings are likely to impair independence of judgment. In such cases therapists take appropriate steps to overcome their personal problems, such as seeking therapy for themselves, before taking on such individuals as clients. AC 3 In cases where therapists terminate therapy due to mutual sexual attraction, therapists inform clients as to the nature of termination, and do not misrepresent or mislead clients as to the cause of termination. .AC 1 assumes that sexual attraction for at least some clients is frequent occurrence and is not in itself a reason for terminating therapy. AC 1 affords therapists the autonomy to decide whether such attraction is of such a quality as to impair professional judgment. Therapists’ sexual attractions for clients may however sometimes be related to therapists’ own â€Å"unfinished business. In such cases AC 2 recognizing the need to address such personal problems therapeutically before counseling groups of clients to whom the sexual attraction may be generalized. AC 3 is supported by both Principles of Honesty and Candor in requiring therapists with sexual attractions for clients to avoid deception in informing these clients of the grounds for termination. Rul es Regarding Therapy with Students: TS 1 Therapists do not engage in therapy with current students or those with whom current students have intimate relationships. Consistent with client welfare, therapists may engage in therapy with former students. TS 2 while therapists may not solicit students for referrals, they may accept unsolicited referrals from students. TS 3 If, during the course of therapy, therapists’ clients also become their students, therapists take reasonable steps to terminate the ensuing dual role relationships, including terminating therapy and providing appropriate referrals. Therapists inform their clients of all significant risks related to maintaining such dual role relationships and, consistent with client welfare, decline to remain in both roles. Therapists support and encourage their clients’ own informed, autonomous choices in resolving the conflict. TS 4 Therapists who ascertain that prospective clients are likely to become their students decline to accept such individuals as clients. As part of their clients’ informed consent to therapy, therapists who teach inform potential students (clients whose profiles suggest that they might become students) of a professional responsibility not to engage in therapy with their students. In TS 1, the term â€Å"intimate relationships† includes family members such as parents, step parents, grandparents, and siblings. The term also includes significant others such as boyfriends or girlfriends, fiancees, and sexual partners. While an individual may not have a close relationship with all family members, the probability that the family bond will implicate the student is substantial enough to justify a strict rule against counseling family members of students. Although TS 2 permits therapists to accept as clients the unsolicited referrals from students, it is noteworthy that, in concert with TS 1, such permissible, unsolicited referrals do not include individuals with whom students have intimate relationships. TS 3 provides that therapists should take â€Å"reasonable measures† to terminate non-elective dual role relationships with students. In the context of therapy this means measures which are consistent with client welfare, and which accordingly promote client trust and autonomy. The rule provides that clients be afforded maximal autonomy in deciding how the dual role relationship will be resolved; for example, whether the student-teacher relationship will be preserved and the therapist-client relationship erminated, or conversely. TS 4 recognizes the utility of taking preventative measures to increase the likelihood that a non-elective dual role relationship with students is avoided before it is established by the student. It also conforms with the Principle of Candor in making clear, from the start, the Therapist’s professional responsibility not to counsel students. In this way, the therapist’s move to discontinue such a relationship (should one later be establi shed) comes as no surprise to the client. REFERENCES American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (1991). Code of ethics. 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